Introduction:-
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A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.--------------
Computer is a machine that is capable of accepting data, processing it and displaying the appropriate output.
Cache Hit:-
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If the microprocessor finds the required information in the cache, it is known as cache hit.
Cache Miss:-
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If the microprocessor does not find the required information in the cache, it is known as cache miss & the microprocessor searches for the information in the RAM.
Identifying A Processor:-
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- Clock Speed (GHz)
- Cache (Mb)
- FSB (MHz)
Clock Speed:-
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- The speed of microprocessor depends on various factors, such as the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth and the clock speed. An instruction is a command that the microprocessor executes. The bandwidth specifies the number of binary digits that the microprocessor can process in a single instruction.
- The speed of microprocessor also depends on the number of the transistors built into the processor.
- The transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the processor.
- The large number of transistors built on the microprocessor the faster is the speed of the microprocessor.
Cache Memory:-
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The Processor Cache is memory that store data (code, commands etc.). it is used with the processor to facilitate the access of data from the system's main memory or RAM. Processor Cache reduces the average time to access memory. The processor cache typically consists of two levels, which are the L1 cache and the L2 cache.
Front Side Bus_(FSB):-
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- FSB refers to the bus that connects the CPU to the system memory. Its also known as the System Bus.
- It measures the speed at which the CPU communicates with the RAM.
- FSB connects the CPU to north bridge of the motherboard.
- The north bridge holds the memory controller and allows the processor to communicate with the memory.
- In case of latest "Core i" series processors, there is no FSB as the memory controller is built into the processor.
Features of Intel Processor:-
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1) EIST Feature: Enhanced Intel Speed Step Technology (EIST) allows the system to dynamically adjust processor voltage and core frequency, which can result in decreased average power consumption and decreased average heat production.
2) EDB Feature: Execute Disable Bit (EDB) is an Intel hardware-based security feature that can help reduce system exposure for viruses and malicious code, EDB allows the processor to classify areas in memory where application code can or can not execute. When a malicious worm attempts to insert code in the buffer, the processor disables code execution, preventing damage and worm propagation. To use execute disable bit you must have a PC or server with a processor with execute disable bit capability and a supporting operating system.
3) Intel Turbo Boost Technology(Performance on Demand): This is a one of the many new features that Intel has built into latest-generation Intel micro architecture (code name Nehalem). It automatically allows processor cores to run faster than the base operating frequency if it’s operating below power, current and temperature specification limits.
4) Smart Cache: Intel smart cache allows each core to dynamically utilize up to 100% cache, while obtaining data from cache at higher throughput rate. If one core has minimal cache requirement, the other core can dynamically increase its share of cache, reducing messes.
5) Virtualization: This is a technology used to run multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. Each virtual is machine running on a single physical machine sharing the resources of the same machine. Thus it reduces the power and cooling requirements.
6) Intel 64 Bit Technology: Intel 64 technology allows the processor to run newly written 64 bit code memory and allows to access large amount of memory. Intel 64 bit architecture improves system performance by allowing the system to address more than 4GB of both virtual and physical memory. This technology is used in Pentium 4, Pentium D, Core 2 processors, core i3, i5 and i7 processors.
7) QPI(Quick Path Interconnect): QPI is a point to point processor interconnects used to connect core i7 processor to the I/O controller hub (IOH). QPI feature in core i7 processor provides increased bandwidth and low latency. It can achieve data transfer speeds as high as 25.6GB/sec with the Extreme Edition Processor.
8) HD Boost: HD boost significantly improve a broad range of multimedia and compute- intensive application. HD Boost- HD boost significantly improve a broad range of multimedia and compute- intensive application.
9) Integrated memory controller: Enable two channels of high-speed DDR3 1333 MHz memory. This memory controller’s latency and higher memory bandwidth delivers amazing performance for data-intensive applications.
10) HD graphics: Provide superb visual performance for sharper images, richer color and life – like video and audio. Available on Intel Core i5-600 processor series.
11) Hyper threading technology: Allow each core of the processor to work on two different tasks at the same time (Multi task processing).
12) 32nm dual core processing: Core i3 processor use 32nm dual core processing. So that it can run two independent processor cores in one physical package at the same frequency.
Heat sink:-
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Heat Sink is a component that is used to provide cooling to an electronic device.
The heat sink absorbs heat from the electronic device and distributes it to the surrounding environment. Most of the processors are equipped with a heat sink that absorbs all the heat from the processors and distributes it to the surrounding environment.
Heat sink has two type:-
1) Active Heat Sink
2) Passive Heat Sink
In active heat sink has a fan & require the external power but in passive heat sink don’t have a fan and don’t require the external power.
Hyper Threading:-
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- Developed by Intel, hyper threading enables a single processor to work as two logically different processors. A single code of execution is known as thread.
- Hyper-Threading is a technology used by some Intel microprocessor s that allows a single microprocessor to act like two separate processors to the operating system and the application program s that use it. It is a feature of Intel's IA-32 processor architecture.
- Hyper-threading (officially called Hyper-Threading Technology or HT Technology, and abbreviated as HTT or HT) is Intel's proprietary simultaneous multithreading (SMT) implementation used to improve parallelization of computations (doing multiple tasks at once) performed on x86 microprocessors
Types of Processor:-
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The launch of Intel Pentium microprocessor in 1993 enabled system to execute program that required a lot of processing. Intel then gradually went on to develop the Pentium II, Celeron, Pentium III & Pentium 4, Dual Core, Core2Duo, Core2 Quad, Corei3, Corei5 & Corei7 processors for different purpose.
Intel Celeron:-
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- Intel Celeron is similar to the Intel Pentium Microprocessor. These microprocessor are cheaper and more economical than the Pentium microprocessors. The Intel Celeron processors have a smaller cache size than the Pentium microprocessors.
- The clock speed and the bus speed of the Celeron microprocessors is also less than that of the Pentium.
- Celeron is useful for application that does not require a lot of processing.
- Clock rates range from 1.6 GHz to 2.4 GHz.
Intel Core 2 Duo:-
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- Intel Core2 Duo processors deliver faster performance, greater energy efficiency and more responsive multitasking.
- This processor provide better processing speeds and advanced power saving features.
- 3X faster multitasking performance with multi-core processing combines two independent processor cores in one physical package.
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